Empathy Definition Ways to Increase Your Empathy

Empathy Definition Ways to Increase Your Empathy Have you ever been told to “put yourself in someone’s shoes”, or “look at it from another person’s point of view”? These are simply other ways of saying that you should try to understand what another person is feeling, and why they are doing what they do. In other words, these are ways of showing empathy.A straightforward empathy definition  is the experience of understanding another person’s condition or circumstance from their perspective. Empathy is the ability to put oneself in someone else’s shoes. It is trying to feel what they are feeling, and getting an understanding of why they are feeling it. © Shutterstock.com | VGstockstudioIn this article, we will show you 1) empathy definition and how it is different from sympathy, 2) where empathy comes from, 3) the types of empathy, 4) why empathy is super important, and 5)  how to increase and develop your empathy.EMPATHY DEFINITION HOW IT IS DIFFERENT FROM SYMPATHYMany use “empathy” and “sympathy” interchangeably, thinking they are one and the same. Unfortunately, they are not. Let us try to distinguish one from the other.Empathy involves being able to understand and even feel the emotions of others. Sympathy is simply feeling compassion for others, without necessarily knowing how they feeling.Take the example of a manager with a subordinate suffering through a period where his family members have fallen ill. A sympathetic manager will express words of comfort and reassurance to his subordinate and stop there. An empathic manager on the other hand will feel as if he is the one facing the problem, perhaps because he has g one through a similar experience before, or he imagined himself to be in the same situation.Sympathy involves understanding the experience or circumstances surrounding the experience of others. In empathy, understanding is on a deeper, more personal level.WHERE EMPATHY COMES FROMAccording to experts in human behavior, empathy is innate in every person, and their first manifestations are seen during infancy. Newborns’ common reaction when they hear other newborn’s cries is to do the same. This is viewed as their way of empathizing with each other.As the baby grows from infancy to childhood, their level of empathy also increases or grows. Development of empathy is said to be directly affected by several factors:Early childhood experiences, which largely involves child-rearing and raising practices of parents or adult guardians of their children or wards. Experiences that have an impact, including traumatic ones, tend to have the biggest effect on one’s level of empathy.Environme nt and culture, which include education and exposure to various fields and disciplines, as well as people or figures of authority. Even the norms and customs unique to a culture of a certain country will also impact how a person views others.Empathic behavior models, the most obvious of which are the parents of the child themselves. A child’s capacity for empathy is almost often shaped or molded by what he sees in the behavior of his parents.TYPES OF EMPATHYThere are two general classifications of empathy:Affective empathyThis pertains to the feelings and sensations that people get in response to others’ emotions or feelings. This is often described as “mirroring” others feelings, emotions or actions. A good example would be a person feeling tremendous amounts of stress when they see another exhibiting anxiety, fear or deep depression. A person who easily tears up when watching a sad movie or television show demonstrates strong affective empathy.Cognitive empathyCognitive em pathy, on the other hand, refers to how one switches perspectives in order to identify, understand and share others’ emotions or feelings. It involves actually knowing what others want, think, believe, or even care about.THE IMPORTANCE OF EMPATHYHuman relationships are an integral aspect of our lives. We are all, in one way or another, connected, and these relationships have to be sustained. Empathy is one of the ingredients towards building, maintaining and strengthening human relationships. Therefore, it is safe to say that empathy improves relationships and, consequently, helps one achieve greater success and an overall feeling of well-being and happiness.Both in your professional and personal life, “people skills” are said to be very important. Many interpersonal skills have been identified as must-haves, but empathy is often overlooked. This is a bit disappointing, considering how empathy is actually one of the most important skills that one must possess in order to achie ve greater success, both professionally and personally.Empathy encourages people to perform acts of charity and heroism. Those with higher levels of empathy are more likely to go out of their way to help others who are in need, even at the risk of their own comfort or self-interest. It encourages acts of selflessness from people, even resulting to heroic and, to a certain extent, self-sacrificing acts.Empathy reduces the level of negative emotions or ill feelings towards other people. Racism and various other prejudices are decreased when people are more able to empathize with people of different cultures, nationalities, beliefs or some other affiliation or grouping. Incidents of bullying, aggression and violence are also reduced when people display more empathy towards weaker ones.Empathy promotes equality. People will start to act and think more “in the spirit of fairness”. Fights against inequality are often grounded on empathy, with the advocates promoting the idea of reachi ng out to the less fortunate ones, or those who belong to marginalized and stigmatized groups.Empathy improves workplace relationships and processes. There are hierarchies even in the workplace, and if empathy is demonstrated in this setting, it will result in a more harmonious and peaceful working environment, while improving productivity of the workers.Empathy in One’s Personal LifePersonal relationships often define who we are as a person. How we interact with others on a personal level speaks volumes about our identity and defines our personality. Just by observing how a person interacts with another, we can tell a lot about their personal traits and characteristics, as well as their strengths and weaknesses.Take, for example, the relationship between partners in a marriage. The marriage becomes strengthened when the partners are more able to understand each others’ emotions and thoughts. Intimacy becomes deeper due to this better understanding, and the overall satisfaction with the relationship is greatly enhanced. Conflicts, arguments and differences in opinions are also easier to settle when both are willing to look at issues from each other’s perspectives.Empathy at WorkProfessional relationships are just as fragile as personal relationships. Our productivity and how we view our work and professional life in general are greatly affected by how we view the people we encounter at work and, at the same time, how they view us.Empathy also plays a role in one’s professional life. An employee displaying empathy for a co-worker is likely to remain in a good light among everyone at work, so conflicts, arguments and bad vibes are avoided at work. Managers are also encouraged to demonstrate empathy towards their subordinates. This will command their respect and motivate them to turn in better results in their assigned tasks.Businesses and organizations are certainly not exempt from cultivating empathy, since it is seen as one of the “key survival skill s” in business. Empathy is closely associated with leadership and teamwork â€" two elements of a successful business or organizational structure.EMPATHY AS A SKILLBrowse several articles about empathy and take note at how it is defined. Some describe it as an art (the “art of seeing the world in the way someone else sees it”), an ability (the “ability to sense other people’s emotions and imagine what they are feeling or thinking”) and a capacity (the “capacity to understand or feel what another being is experiencing”).Empathy has also been described as a skill. This means that it can be learned, acquired, and honed. In short, you can teach yourself to have more empathy. In order to teach yourself empathy and become more compassionate, you have to:Understand yourself: You cannot begin to understand other people if you do not first understand yourself. Have empathy for yourself, and you will be better equipped to have empathy for others. How can you expect to understan d others when you cannot understand why you are feeling or thinking the way you are. Of course, understanding comes with acceptance. Once you have understood yourself, and accepted your emotions, then you can move on towards understanding others.Understand others: This is the difficult part of the whole process of teaching yourself empathy. It takes a deep level of commitment and whole lot of practice until such time that you can say that you are able to gain an understanding of how others feel or think, and why they act the way they do.Practice nonverbal empathy: This comes after understanding others. This time, you will be better able to interact and communicate with them in nonverbal ways. Sometimes, more is said when less words are spoken. Nonverbal communication is another skill that will be learned through time by those who are able to demonstrate empathy.Here is an interesting talk from the Associate Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School, Dr. Riess, on the power o f empathy: HOW TO INCREASE YOUR EMPATHYWe have already established that it is in our nature to have empathy. We were born with it. Unfortunately, there are people who have less empathy than others.The good thing about empathy is that, since we are already in possession of it, all that is left to do is to improve or increase it. Many suggestions have been given on how empathy can be nurtured, and some of them are tackled in greater detail below.Pay more attention.Sometimes, we focus too much on ourselves, or on our immediate environment, that we fail to see what is beyond or out there. Be aware and mindful of your environment and the people in it. This will heighten your senses and make it easier for you to identify the areas where empathy is most needed. When conversing with people, pay heed to even the slightest visual clues and voice changes. Even the indicator words spoken must not be taken lightly, because they may be saying more than they seem.This also means that you have to b e more observant of what goes on around you. Put those listening skills to good use. Do not just hear, but listen and actually make an effort to make sense of what you are hearing. For many people, listening is a skill that is difficult to hone, because it often requires a lot of patience and tolerance against distractions.Once you listen, you have to truly listen to the meaning of the words, and not just the surface meaning. The context within which words are spoken vary greatly depending on a lot of circumstances and if you do not listen well enough, it is easy to interpret a perfectly innocent and valid question for a malicious and insulting one.Be curious.There is nothing wrong with asking questions, provided they make sense. Highly empathic people are almost always very curious about others, even if they are strangers. Of course, some may say this is tantamount to being nosy, so you have to be able to know how to draw a line between being curious out of empathy and being intrus ive about it.Your curiosity should be enough to bring you out of your comfort zone, which then exposes you to a wider “world”, so to speak. By broadening your horizons, you are given more room to nurture your empathy.Communicate.Some of the most empathic people are excellent conversationalists and, to be a good conversationalist, you should have an openness, or the willingness to share part of yourself. Somewhere, it was said that empathy is a two-way street, just like communication. You cannot expect to get something without parting with anything.Say what you feel, and say it out loud. Being an active listener is not going to be enough. People often open up to others because part of them wants to hear some words of comfort or consolation. Maybe they are even seeking advice or helpful suggestions and are not even aware of it. Simple phrases such as “I understand” and “I get it”, or “Of course you feel that way” and “that is perfectly natural” will go a long way i n making someone feel better, and improving your relationship with them.Use your imagination.Put yourself in other people’s shoes, figuratively. Imagine how you would feel if roles were reversed and you were the one experiencing a certain situation instead of that other person. How will you react? How will you handle it? Put your imagination to work. There is an adage that goes, “you can never truly know someone until you have walked a mile in their shoes”. This means that, unless you try to picture yourself in their position, and consider things from their point of view, you will never know what they are thinking or feeling.Read.Studies have shown that people who have an inclination for reading literature, particularly literary fiction, develop more sensitivity. They are more capable of exploring imaginary worlds and crossing boundaries between reality and make-believe.Walk in their shoes.Or you can take it more literally. Try spending a day with them, shadowing their every m ove, and getting a front seat to what actually happens.Avoid being too judgmental.If you are quick to judge people and you jump to conclusions even before getting all the facts, you will not be able to improve your empathy. Do not be a cynic and assume that everyone deserves what they get, at least until you have all the facts.People are often too quick to attach labels or a stigma to certain groups because of generalizations formulated from one or a couple of what should be considered as isolated incidents. The tendency is to lump them in one group with a common identifying trait or characteristic, making it hard to empathize with them. Do not be one of those who make these generalizations. Always remember that, before they are part of a group, they are still individuals, and that is how you should start viewing them.Cultivate an interest in music.Music is an excellent booster of empathy, since it can appeal directly to one’s emotions. Various musical-related activities have been employed by professionals in an effort to cultivate empathy in younger people, particularly children. For instance, psychologists claim that musical games can accomplish exactly that in young children.Adults also turn to music for various reasons, one of which is to regain a sense of calmness and serenity. People who are calm and serene are more capable of sharing empathy.Open yourself up to pain.You will never be able to show empathy if you are averse to witnessing pain, and even experiencing it. If you avoid seeing sights of suffering and pain, how will you acquire credibility when delivering words of comfort? You will simply be expressing sympathy then.Open your eyes to the pain and suffering that goes on around you. This will make you more aware, heighten your sensitivity and, consequently, increase your empathy.Monitor your progress.See how you are doing in your efforts to increase your empathy. Has it improved your personal relationships with friends and family? Has it improv ed your working relationship with your bosses and co-workers? Did it bring about good results at work? By monitoring your progress, you will be able to tell if you need to work on your empathy more.

Four of My Biggest Regrets About High School

Since I just graduated a few days ago, I’ve been feeling rather nostalgic about high school. I’ve been reminiscing on the good old days of tennis season, dance rehearsal, and debate practice. But although there were good times, there were definitely also some bad times. Here’s what I regret about my experience. Not getting my driver’s license on time This may seem like a pretty silly and minor regret, but I really wish I had gotten my driver’s license as soon as I turned sixteen. I would have had so much more freedom to drive to any place I wanted to go. Although driver’s ed may seem like a lot of work, just get it done. You’ll be grateful. The reward of mobility is so worth it. And with all of the stress of SATs, APs, and homework, sometimes it’s nice to take a drive by yourself. It can be surprisingly relaxing. Judging people based on first impressions Freshman year, I formed pretty strong opinions about everyone in my class, which was a huge mistake. As I got to know people, I discovered that they were completely different from who I thought they were. Everyone turned out to be so much more awesome than I thought, so I was angry that I had wasted so much time judging people from afar rather than really getting to know them. A good rule of thumb is to be nice and friendly to everyone you meet, instead of assuming that you won’t like them because of various superficial reasons. Doing homework inefficiently You don’t need to do every bit of homework your teachers assign you. Let me repeat: You DON’T need to do every bit of homework your teachers assign you. This was the biggest academic mistake I made freshman and sophomore year. I spent hours thoroughly annotating textbook chapters and novels that I didn’t really need to know that well, while neglecting math sheets that were vastly more important. Figure out what your priorities are and make sure to put more effort and energy into certain types of work. Don’t waste your time going over concepts you already know or won’t be tested on. Spending money rather than saving Before the whole application process started, college (and financial independence) seemed to be in the distant future. Little did I know that in just a few, short years, I would be frantically trying to save money in order to make up for so much mindless spending on things like clothes and makeup. College is closer than you think and when it rolls around, you’ll need some money of your own. Don’t instantly spend birthday and Christmas money. And if you do, try to only buy things that you really, really need and think you will get good, long-term use out of.

Was Napoleon Bonaparte the Saviour or the Destroyer of the...

With all the glory and the splendour that some countries may have experienced, never has history seen how only only one man, Napoleon, brought up his country, France, from its most tormented status, to the very pinnacle of its height in just a few years time. He was a military hero who won splendid land-based battles, which allowed him to dominate most of the European continent. He was a man with ambition, great self-control and calculation, a great strategist, a genius; whatever it was, he was simply the best. But, even though how great this person was, something about how he governed France still floats among peoples minds. Did he abuse his power? Did Napoleon defeat the purpose of the ideals of the French Revolution? After all of his†¦show more content†¦He satisfied their hunger for liberty, equality, and fraternity. br brPerhaps one of the most important and lasting contributions that Napoleon gave to the French people was the Civil Code or most widely known as the Napoleonic Code. This was written at a time in history when discrimination was rampant. It was then that Napoleon decided to liberate and offer Liberty, Equality and Fraternity to the Jews, Protestants, and other religions as well. He also opened the churches that were closed for years. In this part of the essay, I will talk most about how and why he promoted freedom of religion. br brNapoleon Bonaparte was never that deeply religious. He showed that to everybody during his coronation as the Emperor of France: he took the crown from Pope Pius VII and placed it on his own head. That was a clear indication that religion had nothing to do with Napoleons coronation. He wanted to prove that France chose him. But there was a contradiction to this when he allowed freedom of religion all over France. Why is this? Is he that religious? Weve just seen how he clearly showed to everybody that religion has nothing to do with him being an Emperor. But, if we dig a little bit deeper, we can actually see that Napoleon didnt just think of himself when he made such laws. He wanted not only the Frenchmen to be happy, but also the Jews and other races. After he signed the Concordat, churches of France reopened in April 1802, and theShow MoreRelatedNapoleon And The French Revolution1349 Words   |  6 Pageshistory seen how only only one man, Napoleon, brought up his country France from its most tormented status, to the very pinnacle of its height in just a few years time. He was a military hero who won splendid land-based battles, which allowed him to dominate most of the European continent. He was a man with ambition, great self-control and calculation, a great strategist, a genius; whatever it was, he was simply the best. But, even though how great this person was, something about how he governed France

List of Jewish Schools in New Jersey

Here is a list of Jewish schools in New Jersey, organized alphabetically by town. Adelphia Talmudical Academy of New Jersey Route 524, P.O. Box 7, Adelphia, NJ 07710732 431 1600Grades 9-12, All Boys Asbury Park Hillel Yeshiva High School 1027 Deal Road, Asbury Park, NJ 07712732-493-0420Grades 9-12, Coed Bayonne Yeshiva Gedolah of Bayonne 735 Avenue C, Bayonne, NJ 07002201 339 7258Grades 9-12, All Boys Bergenfield Yeshivat Noam School 139 South Washington Avenue, Bergenfield, NJ 07621201 439 1919Nursery School Summer Camp Bridgewater The Preschool Place Kindergarten N Bridge Street, Box 6007, Bridgewater, NJ 08807908 722 0101PKK Cherry Hill Congregation Mkor Shalom Preschool 850 Eversham Rd NJ 08003856 424 7339 Delaware Valley Torah Institute 31 Maple Avenue NJ 08002856 482 8230Grades 9-11, All Boys Katz Jewish Community Center E 1301 Springdale Rd NJ 08003856 424 4444 Politz Day School 720 Cooper Landing Road NJ 08002856 667 1013 Temple Beth Sholom 1901 Kresson At Croppwell NJ 08003856 751 0994 Clifton Clifton Ym Ywha 199 Scoles Avenue NJ 07012973 779 2980PK K Mesivta of Clifton 338 Delawanna Ave, Clifton, NJ 07014973-779-4800Grades 10-12, All Boys Deal Park The Center Play Sch Jewish 100 Grant Ave NJ 07723732 531 9100 East Brunswick Solomon Schechter Day School 511 Ryders Lane NJ 08816732 238 7971 Temple Bnai Shalom Po Box 957 NJ 08816732-251-4300 East Windsor Morris Namias Shalom Torah Acd 639 Abbington Drive, East Windsor, NJ 08520609 443 4877 Edison Rabbi Jacob Joseph Yeshiva 1 Plainfield Avenue, Edison, NJ 08817732 985 6533Grades 9-12, All Boys Rabbi Pesach Raymon Yeshiva 2 Harrison Street NJ 08817732 572 5052 Egg Harbor Township Trocki Hebrew Academy of Alant 6814 Black Horse Pike NJ08234 609 383 8484 Elberon Ilan High School 250 Park Avenue NJ 07740732 870 2800 Elizabeth Bruriah High School For Girls 35 North Avenue NJ 07208908 355 4850 Jewish Educational Center 330 Elmora Ave NJ 072089083534446 Englewood Moriah School of Englewood 53 South Woodland Street NJ 07631201 567 0208 Yeshiva Ohr Hatalmud of Englewood 101 West Forest Avenue, Englewood, NJ 07631201 816 1800Grades 9-12, All Boys Fairlawn Helen Troum Nurery School Kindergarten 4-10 Fair Lawn Ave 25 NJ 07410201 797 2865 Franklin Lakes Barnert Temple Preschool 747 Route 208 South NJ 07417201 848 1027 Highland Park Atid Po Box 1503 NJ 089047329856378 Reenas Bais Yaakov 1131 Raritan Ave, Highland Park, NJ 08904732-985-5646Grades 10-12, All Girls Ym-ywha of Raritan Valley 2 South Adelaide Avenue NJ 08904732 249 2221 Hillsborough Temple Beth El School 67 Us 206 NJ 08844908 704 1712 Howell Solomon Schechter Academy 395 Kent Road NJ 07731 732 370 1767 Lakewood Bais Faiga Park Avenue Campus 100 Park Ave NJ 08701732 367 6708 Bais Kaila Torah Preparatory High School for Girls Po Box 952, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 370 4300Grades 9-12, All Girls Bais Rivka Rochel School 285 River Avenue NJ 08701732 367 4855Grades K-8, Coed Bais Shaindel High School For Girls 299 Monmouth Avenue, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 363 7074Grades 9-12, All Girls Bais Tova Inc. 961 E County Line Rd NJ 08701732 901 3913 Bais Yaakov Bnos Chayil School 124 Gudz Road NJ 08701732 886 5100 Bais Yaakov Bnos Rivka 1501 Canterbury Road NJ 08701732 370 0100 Bnos Bais Yaakov Tzipa Grumet High School 155 Oberlin Ave N, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-363-0329Grades 9-12, All Girls Bais Yaakov High School of Lakewood 277 James st., Lakewood, NJ 08701732-370-8200Grades 9-12, All Girls Bezal-el Yeshiva 419 5th St NJ 08701732 363 1748 Bnos Brocha 763 River Ave, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-905-3030Grades K-6, All Girls Bnos Devora 243 Prospect St., Lakewood, NJ 08701732-905-4455Grades K-2, All Girls Bnos Yaakon Elementary School 2 Kent Road, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 363 1400Grades KG-8, All Girls Cheder Toras Zev 108 Chateau Drive, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-901-5060Grades K-2, All Boys Jewish Education for Girls 1050 Tuxedo Ter, Lakewood, NJ 08701 Lakewood Cheder School for Boys 901 Madison Ave Po Box 838 NJ 08701732 364 1552 Lakewood Cheder School for Girls 350 Courtney Road NJ 08701732 363 5070 Mesivta Keser Torah 455 14th Street, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 681 5656Grades 9-12, All Boys Mesivta of Lakewood 415 6th Street NJ 08701732 367 7345 Mesivta Nachlas Yisroel 1441 Oakwood Ave, Lakewood, NJ 08701914-261-8445Grades 9-12, Coed Mesivta Pe’er Hatorah 501 Prospect St., Lakewood, NJ 08701732-370-2362Grades 9-12, All Boys Mikor Hatorah 7 Sequoia St, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-370-0570Grades 9-12, All Boys NJ Center For Judaic Study 801 West Kennedy Blvd NJ 08701732 363 9817 Ohr Chodosh 1015 Park Avenue NJ 08701732 364 7062 Oros Bais Yakov 50 Lapsley Lane, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-370-6049Grades 9-12, All Girls Talmud Torah Ohr Elchonon 805 Cross St. Ste 1, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 730 2820Grades 1-8, 191 Students, All Boys Tashbar of Lakewood 655 Princeton Ave NJ 08701732 905 1111 Tiferes Bais Yaakov 170 Oberlin Ave N #8 NJ 08701732 364 0466 Torah Institute of Lakewood 327 Carey Street NJ 08701732 905 9830 Toras Imecha 1 E 13th St NJ 08701732 730 1259 Yeshiva Bais Aharon 1430 14th Street, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-367-7604Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Bais Pinchos 1951 New Central Ave, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-367-2880Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Bais Yisroel High School 423 6th St, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-691-2907Grades 10-12, All Boys Yeshiva Birchas Chaim 960 West Kennedy Blvd NJ 08701732 370 2182Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Chayei Olam 14 E 11th St, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-363-1267Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Ktana of Lakewood 120 2nd St, Lakewood, NJ 08701732 363 0303Grades KG-12, All Boys Yeshiva Gedolah Meor Hatorah 66 Tova Dr., Lakewood, NJ 08701732-367-7590Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Gedola of Woodlake Village PO Box 974, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-730-2808Grades 10-12, All Boys Yeshiva Keter Torah 209 2nd Street NJ 08701732 961 9731 Yeshiva Masoras Avos 23 Congress St NJ 08701732 942 7522 Yeshiva Orchos Chaim 410 Oberlin Avenue South NJ 08701732 370 0799 Yeshiva Shaarei Orah 685 8th St, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-995-6701Grades 9-11, All Boys Yeshiva Tiferes Torah 75 East End Avenue Po Box 420 NJ 08701732 370 9889 Yeshiva Toras Aron 500 Summer Ave, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-360-9980Grades KG-6, All Boys Yeshiva Toras Chaim PO Box 16, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-414-2834Grades 9-12, All Boys Yeshiva Yesodei Hatorah 708 Princeton Ave, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-370-3360Grades 10-11, All Boys Yeshivas Emek Hatorah 12 Sharon Ct, Lakewood, NJ 08701Grades 10-11, All Boys Yeshivas Ohr Yissochor 300 Cross St., Lakewood, NJ 08701732-901-7608Grades 9-12, All Boys Zecher Yochanan 123 Delaware Trl, Lakewood, NJ 08701732-942-4852Grades K-3, Coed Livingston Joseph Kushner Hebrew Academy 110 S Orange Ave NJ 07039973 597 1115 Kushner Yeshiva High School 110 S Orange Ave NJ 07039973 597 1115 Sinai Special Needs Institute 110 S Orange Ave NJ 07039973 597 0770 Manalapan Congregation Sons of Israel Nu Po Box 369 NJ 07726732 446 4924 Temple Beth Shalom 108 Freehold Rd NJ 07726732 446 1224 Temple Shaari Emeth Early Po Box 360 NJ 07726732 462 3264 Marlboro Marlboro Jewish Center Nursery 103 School Road West NJ 07746732 536 2303 Solomon Schechter Day School P O Box 203 NJ 07746732 431 5525 Morganville Shalom Torah Academy 70 Amboy Road NJ 07751732 4462121 Morristown Cheder Lubavitch 226 Sussex Avenue NJ 07960973 4550168 New Milford Solomon Schecter Day School of Bergen County 275 Mckinley Avenue NJ 07646201 2629898 Oakland Gerrard Berman Day School 45 Spruce St NJ 07436201 337 1111 Ocean Deal Yeshiva - Boys Division 1515 Logan Rd NJ 07712732 663 1717 Hillel High School 1027 Deal Road NJ 07712732 493 0420 Hillel Yeshiva School 1025 Deal Road, Ocean, NJ 07712732 493 9300Grades PK-12, Coed Ilan High School 120 Roseld Ave, Ocean, NJ 07712732-517-111Grades 9-12, All Girls Paramus The Frisch School 120 West Century Road, Paramus, NJ 07652201-267-9100Grades 9-12, Coed Frisch Yeshiva High School 243 Frisch Court NJ 07652201 845 0555 Yavneh Academy 155 N Farview Ave NJ 07652201 262 8494 Passaic Bais Yaakov of Passaic High School 181 Pennington NJ 07055973 365 0100 Mesivta Tiferes Rav Zvi Aryeh Zemel 15 Temple Place, Passaic, NJ 07055973 594 9001Grades 9-12, All Boys Ybh of Passaic 565 Broadway NJ 07055973 777 0735 Yeshiva Ktana of Passaic 249 Terhune Ave NJ 07055973 365 0100 Piscataway Yeshina Shaarei Tzion 51 Park Avenue NJ 08854732 235 0042 Yeshiva Shaarei Tzion Boys 120a Ethel Rd W NJ 08854732 777 0029 Randolph Hebrew Academy of Morris County 146 Dover Chester Road NJ 07869973 584 5530 River Edge Yeshiva of North Jersey 666 Kinderkamack Road NJ 07661201 986 1414 Rockaway White Meadow Temple School 153 White Meadow Road NJ 07866973 627 2511 Scotch Plains Nursery School-Jewish Community 1391 Martine Avenue NJ 07076908 889 8800 Short Hills Bnai Jeshurun Ecc 1025 S Orange Ave NJ 07078973 379 1555 South Orange Beth El Preschool Kindergarten 222 Irvington Ave NJ 07079973 763 0113 Mickey Fried Nursery School 170 Scotland Road NJ 07079973 762 7069 South River Moshe Aaron Yeshiva High Sch 34 Charles St NJ 08882732 613 7460 Springfield Temple Beth Ahm Preschool K 60 Temple Dr NJ 07081973 376 0539 Teaneck Maayanot Yeshiva High School for Girls 1650 Palisade Avenue, Teaneck, NJ 07666201 833 4307Grades 9-12, All Girls Sinai Schools - Special Education School 1485 Teaneck Rd, Suite 304, Teaneck, NJ 07666201-833-1134Grades 1-12, Coed Sinai Special Needs Institute 1650 Palisade Avenue NJ 07666201 833 9220 Sinai High School for Boys Special Needs Institute 1600 Queen Anne Rd, Teaneck, NJ 07666201 833 9220Grades 9-12, All Boys Torah Academy of Bergen 1600 Queen Anne Rd NJ 07666201 837 7696 Trenton Ring Kindergarten 999 Lower Ferry Road NJ 08628609 883 9550 Union City Mesivta Sanz 3400 New York Ave NJ 07087201 867 8690 Vineland Early Learning Center 1015 E Park Ave NJ 08360856 691 0811 Voorhees Early Childhood Center of Cong 8000 Main Street NJ 08043856 675 1162 Kellman Brown Academy 1007 Laurel Oak Road, Voorhees, NJ 08043856-697-2929Grades PK-8, Coed Warren Mountain Top Preschool Kindergarten 104 Mt. Horeb Road NJ 07059 732 748 9800 West Long Branch Deal Yeshiva 200 Wall Street Po Box 98 NJ 07764732 229 1717 Ma’or Yeshiva High School for Boys PO Box 254, West Long Branch, NJ 07764 West Orange Golda Och Academy (formerly Solomon Schechter Day School of Essex Union) 1418 Pleasant Valley, West Orange, NJ 07052973-602-3601Grades PK-12, Coed Jewish Comm Cnt Metro West 760 Northfield Avenue NJ 07052973 736 3200 Whippany Jewish Comm Cnt Metro West 901 Route 10-east NJ 07981973 929 2920 Wyckoff Beth Rishon Nursery School 585 Russell Avenue NJ 07481201 891 6074 Updated by Stacy Jagodowski  - See updates that need to be made? Tweet me stacyjago

Theories Relating to Child Abuse - 957 Words

Theories Relating to Child Abuse Child abuse relates to the behavioral or learning theory because â€Å"it sees human behavior as almost entirely determined through learning that takes place as a result of reinforcement of our behaviors by others or as a result of our observation of behaviors modeled by others† (Schriver, 2011). â€Å"Theories are necessary to explain and to contain the complexities of our lives† (Newberger, 1983). Based upon this theory, child abuse is a reflection of what is normalized in the household. Neglect and abuse in a home becomes a learned behavior and could take enormous amounts of therapy to correct these behaviors from continuing from generation to generation. This also connects with the theory of traditional family†¦show more content†¦Some reports receive alternative responses, which focus primarily upon the needs of the family and do not determine if a child was maltreated or is at-risk of maltreatment. During FFY 2012, CPS agencies received an estimated 3.4 million referrals involving approximately 6.3 million children. Among the 46 states that reported both screened-in and screened-out referrals, 62.0 percent of referrals were screened in and 38.0 percent were screened out. For FFY 2012, 2.1 million reports were screened in, had a CPS response, and received a disposition. The national rate of reports that received a disposition was 28.3 per 1,000 children in the national population. An analysis of 5 years’ worth of data on reports that received a response and resulted in a disposition reveals a relatively stable number of reports, with a slight and gradual increase in the rate of these reports, owing in part to a decrease in the child population.† (Childrens Bureau, 2013). Children of abuse According to the Children’s Bureau (2013) the highest rate of abuse and neglect is infants under the age of one year old. Secondary to the infancy abuse, boys were slightly less to be abused than girls by two percent and one percent was of unknown sex. The Children’s Bureau (2013) reported there were three ethnicities that ranked highest amongst all. From highest to lowest first were white decent, Hispanic and then African American. The greatest mode ofShow MoreRelatedBandura s Theory Of The Social Learning Theory952 Words   |  4 PagesDr. Albert Bandura, who is the creator of the social learning theory, suggest that individuals learn by examining others. Bandura’s theory is conceivably one of the most instrumental theory regarding learning and development. Bandura’s approach to the social learning theory is that we learn by observing and modeling the actions of those who are close to us. Bandura also suggested that our internal feelings and perception s helps us to learn through our cognitive behavior. Social learning additionallyRead MoreEssay on Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy: Sick Kid or Sick Parent?(4)1262 Words   |  6 PagesSyndrome by Proxy: Sick Kid or Sick Parent?(4) In relating the details of Munchausen Syndrome by Proxy (MSBP), the initial reaction is usually shock, followed quickly by fascination. The reason for the latter is that the medical community has yet to make up their minds about what exactly MSBP is. The debate: psychiatric disorder v. child abuse. Essentially the arguments for both create a divide between the brain and behavior, though not relating the two. Munchausen Syndrome is a condition manifestRead MoreA Child Who Has Disruptive Attachment Will Face Many Issues1575 Words   |  7 Pages A child who has disruptive attachment will face many issues during their lifetime. The areas that will be affected relate to their behaviour, emotional and also the relationship they have during childhood and into adulthood. These impacts due to grief, loss, abuse, maltreatment, parental health issues, could be mental or physical health related. These issues can be ongoing, temporary and yet will affect issues of their primary carer will be ongoing and affect every part of the child’s life (DoyleRead MoreIs Partner Violence A Serious Social Problem? Essay1654 Words   |  7 Pagesthirty-nine women whom survived abuse, leaving their abusive partner. The book shares the women’s stories of their years of suffering and pain and their efforts to escape to better their life for their dependent children and themselves. Sev’erâ€⠄¢s research covers multiple types of abuse the women faced including physical, sexual, economic, spiritual, or psychological abuse. Additionally, the women share their children’s witnessing the abuse and discuss how the abuse has effected their turn out. Sev’erRead MoreEssay on Unit 7 Ps3301380 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment? Put simply, developmental theories of personality follow quite closely the same developmental timetable as cognitive development. The Oral stage of Freud occurs during the Sensor motor period of Piaget; the anal stage, Pre-conceptual stage; the phallic stage, Concrete Operational Stage; the Latency period of Freud also occurs during the Concrete Operational stage; the Genital stage, Formal Operations. Erickson’s stages ad other stage theories follow a similar path. The ages of theseRead MoreThe Problem That Can Be The Most Challenging For Myself Essay727 Words   |  3 Pagesmyself is the one relating to the murder of a 4-year-old child. Personally speaking, it always considers an exasperate situation any case of child abuse or neglect. This scenario does not just tell of abuse or neglect of a child, but a child murder. As a human being, parent and teacher, a murdered of a 4year child is someone I would never want to encounter in my life. When it comes to children, any time someone causes pain to a child, considering that it could happen to my own child. In the case ofRead MoreChild Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act Essay1076 Words   |  5 PagesAccording to our textbook, Public Law 93-247 which is the Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA), came into effect on January 31, 1974. This law is regards to childhood maltreatment. The law implemented the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect. Central agencies needed to be created in each individual state. The central agencies had to have legal authority to investigate and be able to prosecute cases that involved abuse and neglect. The States also had to develop their own definitionsRead MoreSocial Workers: Influence of the Ecological Approach on Social Practice1302 Words   |  6 Pagesoffers an effective method of relating children, young people and their families to their environment. It is an approach that allows social workers to intervene in cases where a child is abused or neglec ted, while providing a good theoretical framework for social workers direct work. This essay is going to assess the ecological model within a social work practice directed at children. It will stress the importance of this model, and explain its application in todays child protection work. Firstly,Read MoreChildhood And The Family A Social Construction1497 Words   |  6 PagesIn every generation throughout history the relationship between a young child and their family has been of utmost importance and this relationship can influence, affect and contribute in determining the child s personality. However recently the state has been playing an increasing role in this complex relationship, until now where we are at a point where the state directly influences the childhood and family relationship, something I aim to explore in this assignment. Is childhood and the familyRead MoreA Summary On Adlerian Theory1302 Words   |  6 PagesAdlerian Theory Todd Overstreet Liberty University Abstract Adlerian theory, which is named after the famous psychotherapist Alfred Adler, is used mainly to give emphasis to birth order, theories relating to inferiority and superiority, individual life styles, and social interests as the main workings of personality. In Adlerian theory, mental well-being is decided by the degree of social contribution that is helpful to the greater community to the extent that one incorporates and advances

Essay on Age Discrimination Within The Workplace - 1993 Words

Age discrimination in employment, also known as job ageism, is a complex issue which impacts on many areas of Government policy and can have many implications for individuals themselves. Age discrimination can occur across the whole spectrum of employment and can affect both younger and older people. It can affect a person’s chances of getting a job, as well as their chances of promotion or development when in work. Age can also be a factor when employers decide who should be selected for termination. Ageism seems to be more common in the workplace than racism or sexism. Although only about 20% Of all complaints filed with the federal Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) are for age discrimination, settlements and jury†¦show more content†¦It can affect workers in their twenties through the tendency to set arbitrary age limits in job advertisements as a substitute for a decision based on the merits of the applicants. It affects women over 35 and men over 40 who are trying to find new employment or change direction mid-career. Older unemployed workers experience greater difficulty finding work and suffer longer periods of unemployment than other age groups. The proposed legislation will oblige employers to abandon age stereotypes and assess individuals on their merits (Age Discrimination, 1993). There are also more subtle forms of age discrimination, where a person may not actually realize that they are discriminating on the grounds of age. This can take the form of assuming that an older person is less likely than a younger colleague to want to be considered for promotion or to go on a development course. In addition, some older workers themselves can doubt their own ability to learn new skills and may rule themselves out for opportunities. For instance, some older workers may feel they would not be able to learn about information technology when they have in fact been learning about developments in technology all their working lives. Elders vs. Youth There is a thin line between trying to help people who are most likely to experience age discrimination in employment so that they have the same opportunities as others, and positivelyShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review : The United States Essay1505 Words   |  7 Pageshistory in terms of discrimination towards women in the workplace. Such discrimination only increases when the events of childbirth are taken into account. When women give birth, they often opt to stay lengthy amounts of time with the members of the family as opposed to remaining in the workplace for the duration of their maternity leave. Thus, there is increased rates of discrimination towards these women specifically. Often mothers within the workplace receive the most discrimination as opposed to same-genderedRead MoreWhen People Think Of Discrimination, They Tend To Think1254 Words   |  6 Pagespeople think of discrimination, they tend to think back to older times of slavery, racism, and an unde rdeveloped country. Sadly, discrimination actual plays a large role in the workplace of today. Discrimination is defined as â€Å"treating a person or particular group of people differently, especially in a worse way from the way in which you treat other people, because of their skin color, sex, sexuality, etc.† according to the Cambridge Dictionary (Cambridge University Press 1). Discrimination comes in manyRead MoreDiversity in the Workplace1452 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction As a general statement diversity refers to the prevention of discrimination in conjunction with the improvement of equality. It’s about valuing differences and inclusion; this is the act of spanning such areas as ethnicity, age, race, culture, sexual orientation, physical disability and religious beliefs. In a global marketplace diversity is theorised as a corporation that employs a diverse workforce in that includes both genders, people of many generations and those from ethnicallyRead MoreGender Issues Associated With Age, Gender, Ethnicity Essay1455 Words   |  6 PagesThis essay looks at different contemporary issues associated with age, gender, ethnicity in the working environment; which will particularly incorporate a discussion of gender relations, stereotyping and sources of inequality. The purpose of this essay is to fundamentally consider how organisational culture, norms of work, stereotypes and son on may impact on the opportunities people have. I am going to foc us on the inequalities and who does what sort of work in the general workforce and more particularlyRead MoreDiscrimination And Discrimination Within The Workplace919 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Discrimination is defined as making a distinction in favor of or against a person or thing based on the group, class, or category to which that person or thing belongs to rather than on individual merit (definition 2). Discrimination does not just relate to just one meaning but several, and it can be described in many ways. This action is not only offensive but hurtful as well. Denying any individual a job because of their race, sexual orientation, religion, or gender is an example ofRead MoreDiscrimination In The Workplace Essay1379 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Title: Discrimination within the workplace: An insight into the experience of minority ethnic, race and age employees at the Turkish Airlines. Introduction: One of the most important problems of social life is the economic, social, cultural, demographic, etc. discrimination due to their different characteristics. Discrimination, often seen as one of the main problems of underdeveloped societies, is now seen in developing or developed countries, not only due to economic reasons. As the issueRead MoreDifferences Between Men And Women1420 Words   |  6 Pagescorrect thinking is obliterating important discussion as well as our awareness of the similarities and differences between men and women. The vision of equality between the sexes has narrowed the possibilities for discovery of what truly exists within a man and within a woman. The world is less interesting when everything is same. None of us would argue the fact that men and women are physically different. The physical differences are rather obvious and most of these can be seen and easily measured. WeightRead MoreAge Discrimination At The Workplace Essay1574 Words   |  7 PagesJea nie Gay Lewis Age Discrimination in the Workplace Human Resource Management Dr. Melissa Mann 9-20-2016 1 Introduction An all encompassing definition for age discrimination in the workplace is the practice of excluding applicants for hire or promotion based on the age of the individual. Related to the factor of age, age discrimination is an approach that does not focus on skill levels and job competency, and places emphasis on the calendar age of the individualRead MoreDiscrimination in the Workplace Essay1083 Words   |  5 Pagesthat workplace discrimination is not as common as it is widely thought to be. The survey results showed that most people in this day and age have never experienced discrimination. Out of the ten surveys conducted only one individual from the general public had experienced discrimination in the workplace. To eliminate this sort of behaviour, a no tolerant attitude should be put in place. This would include the laws being tougher in order to discourage employers/employees from discrimination. AnotherRead MoreDiscrimination And Diversity1285 Words   |  6 PagesDiscrimination comes in many forms. Discrimination and diversity are closely linked considering the reasons behind discrimination are what makes up the definition of diversity. Not only is discrimination made against gender, race, and religion, but it is also made of age, disabilities, appearance and in a lot of cases, women who are pregnant too. This is very much a reality for many employers. There are laws protecting acts of discrimination. This topic is so sensitive, that many employers implement

Smaller Public Companies and Sox Free Essays

string(193) " felt that this was unfeasible because larger companies were in a better financial position to handle the expense for consultant and external audit fees that came with the SOX 404 regulations\." Should Smaller Public Companies be Exempted from Complying with SOX Section 404(b)? ABSTACT On July 21, 2010 the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act provided the non-accelerated public companies (those with a market capital below $75 million) a permanent exemption from complying with the Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Section 404(b). The Section 404(b) would have required these smaller companies to do what larger companies over the $75 million market cap are currently doing; requiring an external auditor to audit their internal controls over financial reporting. However, what may seem like a huge win for the smaller companies who long have complained about the cost out weighing the benefits of complying with the standard, does not appear that way to everyone. We will write a custom essay sample on Smaller Public Companies and Sox or any similar topic only for you Order Now INTRODUCTION Sarbanes-Oxley (SOX) Act Section’s 404 (a) and (b) were created to help restore the public’s trust in what public companies are reporting in their financial statements, as well as the opinions on the reports that the auditors are providing on the financial statements. SOX 404(a) implies that managements of public companies assess and report on whether their internal controls over financial reporting (ICFR) are effective (United States Securities and Exchange Commission [SEC], 2009); in order to ensure that those requirements in Section 404(a) are being met, public companies are required to have an external auditor attest to management’s assessment over the ICFR (SEC, 2009). While SOX 404(a) is required by all public companies, Section 404(b) was required only by large companies (those with a market cap greater that $75 million). As for the smaller public companies (those $75 million and under), they were granted numerous extensions and were eventually permanently exempted. The main purpose of SOX 404 was to alleviate the growing tension between investors, government agencies, and public companies. While the public trust is continuing to be restored, according to research and studies; unintended circumstances of the SOX 404 implementation caused massive financial burdens for smaller public companies (Garrett, 2009). The outcries from the small public companies were answered by numerous extensions on the compliance of SOX 404(b). This was in order to give these companies more time to get their internal controls in place for external auditors to attest to them. Finally, on July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act (Dodd-Frank Act) was passed. The Dodd-Frank Act provided permanent exemption from complying with the SOX 404(b) for non- accelerated public companies (those with a market capital below $75 million) (Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform, 2010, pg. 83). As a result of this Act, another issue surfaced as to why permanently exempt the smaller companies from SOX 404(b). All public companies, to include smaller public companies, should be held to the same standards and be subject to the rules under SOX 404(b). Instead of permanently exempted them, the SEC should have came up with a way to make it more cost effective to comply. This paper will address arguments from both sides of the Dodd-Frank Act, and why smaller firms should be required to comply with SOX 404(b). ANALYSIS The permanent exemption comes as a relief for the small public companies as complying with SOX 404(a) has been very expensive and time consuming. By adding to the cost associated with complying with SOX 404(b), it would be more than they would be able to handle. A study conducted by Financial Executives International, showed that the cost of complying with SOX for those public companies whose market cap was under $100 million was approximately $824,000 compared to $1. million for those who market cap is between $100 million to $500 million, at the time the article was written (Wolkoff, 2005). Furthermore, Wolkoff (2005) goes on to say that at the AMEX median, the median revenue for its companies are $57 million, which means that for these companies to comply with SOX 404(b) it would cost close to 1. 5% of its median revenue(Wolkoff, 2005). Specifically, Wolkoff states that this could â€Å"severely† have a negative impact on these companies operating margins and †Å"in many cases to near zero — and depleting funds available for a reinvestment† (Wolkoff, 2005, pg. ). In addition, resources that could be used for other more important business needs would be diverted to costly â€Å"tedious documentation requirements†, and would not be worth the benefits derived (Garrett 2009, pg. 1). Even after the creation of Auditing Standard No. 5 (AS5), a study done by George Washington University, found that the decrease that larger public companies found with the relief provided from AS5 was not the case for smaller public companies (Garrett, 2009). Furthermore, NASDAQ research showed that based on revenue percentage it would cost 11 times more for smaller companies than larger companies to comply with SOX 404 (b), which creates an â€Å"unfair competitive advantage for larger companies† (Garrett, 2009 pg. 1-2). Not to mention that these smaller companies believe that the cost associated with SOX 404(b) far outweighs the benefits of compliance (Wolkoff, 2005). On the other hand, opponent’s of the Dobb-Frank Act believes that despite the George Washington University and NASDAQ studies, SOX 404 costs are still expected to go down and that the reduction is not only due to the implementation of AS5, but because of other factors. For instance, the cost of complying with SOX 404 is expected to continue to go down as companies continue to implement and document effective controls and move into the â€Å"maintenance phase of monitoring and reporting† (How Potential Changes in Small-Company, 2006, pg. 7). As this relates to SOX 404(b), this could also mean that once the external auditors have completed their first audit of the company’s internal controls and improvements are made based on the outcome of the audit, audit fees should go down because the audits will become easier since any ineffective internal controls should have been or is being addressed. Another SOX 404(b) obstacle that proponents of the Dobb-Frank Act believed threatened the small companies was that the Securities Exchange Commission (SEC) was trying to take a â€Å"one size fits all† approach. Meaning, the SEC was trying to use the same standards for both large and small companies when regulating corporate governance. Proponents felt that this was unfeasible because larger companies were in a better financial position to handle the expense for consultant and external audit fees that came with the SOX 404 regulations. You read "Smaller Public Companies and Sox" in category "Essay examples" For example, an increased auditing bill to $500 thousand for a company who has a $10 billion market cap would not have the same effect on a company with a market cap of $100 million (Wolkoff, 2005). Conversely, an analysis done by CRA International for the Big Four, reported that audit fees did not make up the majority of the cost associated with SOX 404. Specifically, the smaller of the larger companies that had to comply with all sections of SOX 404 (i. e. , those with market caps between $75 and $700 million); 35% of those costs were related to audit cost (How Potential Changes in Small-Company, 2006) as it relates to SOX 404(b). Additionally, those companies with a market cap over $700 million, only 26% were related to audit cost (How Potential Changes in Small-Company, 2006). Although the compliance with SOX 404(b) was implemented to restore investor’s confidence, Wolkoff (2005) states that in doing so caused a deterrent in the number of small firms that would go public both domestically and overseas. The Amex has seen the impact as the number of small companies that have delisted from the Exchange has increased (Wolkoff, 2005), and those that would have joined decided not to, which reduces the number of initial public offerings in the United States. The SOX Act, specifically, Sections 404(a) and (b), didn’t take into account that large companies have a more complex business structure, which makes for more complex accounting practices (Wolkoff, 2005). For example, the segregation of duties obstacles that many smaller companies are faced with and do not have the resources to fix this control problem. According to Wolkoff (2005), the SEC should have taken that into consideration the â€Å"market cap† or â€Å"minimal revenue† that a company generates and apply different standards accordingly (pg. 1). Another point that proponents of the Dobb-Frank Act made was that scandals like Enron are least likely to happen in smaller public companies. The reasoning behind this is that smaller companies are not normally out to cheat themselves. This is because these smaller companies are usually run by the people that founded the companies or closely related (Wolkoff, 2005). However, by requiring smaller public companies to comply with SOX 404(b), will not only ensure that they are in compliance with SOX 404(a), but it will also help these companies by uncovering inefficiencies in some processes. This in turn will help the companies because it will â€Å"†¦makes fraud harder to commit and easier to detect† (Aguilar, 2010, pg. 33). Especially since smaller companies are in a better position and at greater risk for committing fraud and accounting manipulations (Aguilar, 2010). Furthermore, who is to say those smaller companies’ investors do not deserve the same level of confidence and â€Å"financial reporting safeguards† that larger public companies’ investors are receiving (Solnik, 2010). In addition, studies have shown a correlation between â€Å"weak internal controls and poorer earnings relative to effective internal controls† (Hamilton, J. , 2009). In time of a declining economy, the temptations for fraudulent reporting is increased and by having smaller companies comply with SOX 404(b) serves as a deterrent for those temptations (Hamilton, J. , 2009). Lastly, smaller public companies feel that they have already spent a lot of money just to be in compliance with SOX 404(a), and do not feel the need to be monitored by external auditors. This is because they feel that are capable of monitoring, finding, and remediating deficiencies through internal audits (Solnik, 2010). However, as previously mentioned, SOX 404(b) was not only put in place to ensure that public companies were in compliance with SOX 404(a), but to also have it attested by an independent auditor. This not only helps restore investor’s confidence, but also provides the public companies beneficial information as to whether or not they have proper controls in place and/or additional controls are needed. Moreover, small companies may be putting themselves at risk especially, if the investors penalized them for not meeting the â€Å"transparency norms† that is projected by external auditors (Silverstein, 2008 pg. 26). Especially since there are approximately 7,300 smaller public companies, which accounts for 65% of the overall public companies (Hamilton, J. 2009). CONCLUSION While there are good cases made from both sides of the Dobb-Frank Act, permanently exempted smaller companies doesn’t solve the issue of ensuring compliance with SOX 404(a) is being followed. More importantly, it doesn’t provide the smaller public investors with the same confidences as large public investors as to whether or not the proper controls are in place, and/or whether the controls are effective. By having external auditors attest to ICFR it will provide the smaller companies’ investors the same boost of confidences as its larger counterparts. Instead of permanent exemption, other means should be looked at in order to make it to where it is cost effective to comply with SOX 404(b). Also, as recommended by the Key Advisory Committee, â€Å"[e]xempt some smaller public companies entirely from SOX 404 reporting requirements, but add stricter corporate governance requirements for those companies† (How Potential Changes in Small-Company, 2006, pg. 6). That way we will not have to wait until another scandal is made public to scramble and make these changes; as the old saying goes, â€Å"It’s not if, but when†. REFERENCES Aguilar,  M. (2010,  May). Small filers struggle with internal controls over fraud. Compliance Week,  7(76),  33,74. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Trade Industry. Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Conference Report to Accompany H. R. 4173. House of Representative , 111th Cong. 583 (2010). Garrett, S. 2009. Garrett introduces SOX exemption for small businesses, Press release, Oct. 8,2009. Hamilton,  J. (2009, June). Section 404 works and is important for small companies, Aguilar feels. SEC Filings Insight,1,4. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global. How potential changes in small-company SOX regulations could affect your firm. (2006,  February). Accounting Office Management Administration Report,  06(2),  1,6+. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Trade Industry Silverstein, M. (2008,  December). (Sarbanes-Oxley Revisited:) The Good, the Bad, the Lessons. New Jersey Business,  54(12),  26. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Dateline Solnik, C. (2010,  July). Small companies push to gain permanent exemption from Sarbanes-Oxley requirement Silverstein nts. Long Island Business News. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Dateline. United States Securities and Exchange Commission, Office of Economic Analysis. 2009). Study of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 Section 404 Internal Control over Financial Reporting Requirements. Retrieved from http://www. sec. gov/news/studies/2009/sox-404_study. pdf Whitehouse,  T. (2009,  April). SOX 404 Compliance Improves for All but the Small. Compliance Week,  6(63),  42-43. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Trade Industry. Wolkoff, N. L   (2005,  August). Sarbanes-Oxley Is a Curse for Small-Cap Companies. Wa ll Street Journal (Eastern Edition),  p. A. 13. Retrieved from ABI/INFORM Global. How to cite Smaller Public Companies and Sox, Essay examples